Shortly Internet History

The conceptual foundation for creation of the Internet was largely created by three individuals and a research conference, each of which changed the way we thought about technology by accurately predicting its future:

• Vannevar Bush wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the "memex" automated library system.
• Norbert Wiener invented the field of Cybernetics, inspiring future researchers to focus on the use of technology to extend human capabilities.
• The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference crystallized the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of the consequences.
• M. McLuhan made the idea of a global village interconnected by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture.

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, triggering US President Dwight Eisenhower to create the ARPA agency to regain the technological lead in the arms race. ARPA appointed J.C.R. Licklider to head the new IPTO organization with a mandate to further the research of the SAGE program and help protect the US against a space-based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized within the IPTO about the potential benefits of a country-wide communications network, influencing his successors to hire L. Roberts to implement his vision.

Roberts led development of the network, based on the new idea of packet switching invented by P. Baran at RAND, and a few years later by D. Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory. A special computer called an Interface Message Processor was developed to realize the design, and the ARPANET went live in early October, 1969. The first communications were between L. Kleinrock's research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and D. Engelbart's center at the Stanford Research Institute.

The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the Network Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol invented Why Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world.

In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the NSFNET. The NSFNET was soon connected to the CSNET, which linked Universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSF's enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995.

Top 5 Tips About Freelance Work

Hi Guest!

Self-employment is not for everyone, but many publishing professionals thrive, or at least survive, in a freelance capacity. Before you decide whether to join them, however, keep these factors in mind and think positively:

You probably won’t get rich from freelance writing or editing, but the qualitative rewards are manifest. Self-employed editorial professionals are hereby excused from useless, time-wasting, poorly run meetings. (Freelancers sometimes need to attend in-person or online meetings as part of a project they’ve been hired for, but such gatherings tend to be more efficient than the average company or department to-do.)

Freelancers also are fortunate enough to be able to avoid demoralizing company policies, depressing workplace ambience, petty office politics, inept managers, and annoying colleagues.

But self-employment is a challenge, especially for those who do not have a strong aptitude for business management — after all, you, as a freelancer, are running a business.

Furthermore, your income will be variable. And if you’re paid a flat fee, false starts and dead-end ideas don’t earn you any money.

Still determined to go independent? Then follow my advice:

1. Find an anchor client. Your first priority is to enter into a relationship with a company that provides you with a steady source of work that provides you with enough income to get by. Everything else is just frosting on the cake, but bake the cake first.

2. Don’t be particular — at first. Certainly, you should search your soul for what kind of content you’d like to work on. But when you’re starting out, accept any assignment that involves writing or editing words — and, even though you should have a pay range in mind, be prepared to accept less compensation than is ideal. You can always ask for a “raise” later, and you can always increase your rate when you are engaged by new clients.

3. Be flexible about your rates. I’ve varied my hourly editing rate by up to $50, depending on the client. Online research will yield extensive information about the market rate for writing and editing in various media, in different industries, and so on. You may very well end up straddling two or more markets, and your pay rate may vary substantially. (Also, if you’re asked what rate you’ll accept, rather than offered one, propose a range with a $5-$10 differential starting at your minimum.)

4. Don’t give up your day job. Not right away, at any rate. Nights, weekends, summer vacations for educators — these are the opportunities to wade into the freelance pool. Even if your steady job is making you mentally unsteady, stick it out until you have an anchor client. The transition period may exhaust you as you try to juggle full-time work, your personal life, and your efforts to start your own business, but you may be able to jettison your job sooner than you think. (Or you can work for a part-time salary and be self-employed, too.)

5. Keep it simple. You don’t need much in the way of infrastructure. You can probably get away without business cards. You don’t need a fancy-looking invoice template. Some self-employed people rent a small office or use an outbuilding as a way of separating their professional life from their personal one, but few of us can afford that luxury. Turning a spare room into an office, or using an existing study, or even setting aside part of a bedroom or a family room, is sufficient for most people. (But make sure others in your household know that when you’re on the clock, you’re off limits.)

Remember, too, that self-employment will always be hard work — but virtually any employment is a hard work, and being your own boss is its own reward.

Earn Money By Blogging

The word blogging comes from the contraction of the two words, "web log" which describes a kind of online diary maintained by someone. Blogging has become extremely popular since its early beginnings in late 1997. It was Jorn Barger who first used the term, "weblog" to describe what he was doing. In April or May of 1998 Peter Merholz made a joke by splitting weblog into "we blog" as a description of the practice of maintaining a weblog. Blogging became a descriptive term soon after. A blog differs from a static website in several ways. It is extremely easy to use for one thing as posts can be made through an online text editor. The structure of a blog is also taken care of in most cases, making blogs well optimized for the search engines. While many people use blogs to keep a record of what they are doing, or of a project they are engaged in, blogging has become a very useful tool for the effective promotion of a main website. Merchants, who have a main site selling a product, or many products, may have difficulty in getting their main site to rank highly in the search engines. If it doesn't rank high there will be few visitors, and therefore very few sales. A simple and very effective answer is to set up a blog. Companies employ people to make posts on a daily basis about their company, or about their products. Each post will have a link that points back to their main site. The benefits of doing this are two-fold. First of all they get a valuable back link to their main site. This will help their main site to rank better in the search engine results. The blog is likely to rank better than the main site and faster too. This means it will get increasing traffic. Some of the visitors to the blog will follow the links back to the main site where a percentage of them will purchase products. Of course, a company is not limited to a single blog. They can have dozens of them, all with someone dedicated to blogging every day making highly relevant keyword rich posts that all contain a link back to the main site. This very quickly gets valuable back links to the main site, as well as providing rich content that will in most cases rank well. The resultant traffic and sales is likely to be far greater than a single main site could ever achieve. Bloggers who maintain a single site and are dedicated to blogging on a particular topic can also de very well. It will take time to build up a faithful following, but it is being done every day by thousands of successful bloggers who are in most cases making a very good living from doing it. Most bloggers do not make their incomes directly from the sale of products. If they have a highly trafficked blog, they can sell advertising space to other merchants, or they can monetize the blog by placing AdSense ads, or some other form of revenue sharing advertising model. Blogging, done properly, has proven very effective and very profitable too. One of the most popular free blogging platforms is at Blogger owned by Google. Another very popular free blogging platform is WordPress.

Earn Money By Forum Posting.

Why forums pay to you for posting:
Forums are profitable, everyday hundreds of posts are born. Online forums are making money by having lots of members. The more members have the more money it can make from its advertisers. New forum owners know that, and they also know in order to attract new members, they have to make the forum look busy and active. So, they hire Forum posters to create new threads and posts, and also to make a member base on their forum. Using this method, their forum will look very dynamic and interesting, with lots of active members, which is what a new forum needs to gain more (real) members, real posting and real earning.

Making money with forum posting:
That’s where you come in. You can fill in that gap and make money offering to post on these forums. It works in a simple way, you get paid per post. Each time you post on that particular forum, depending on the length, quality and other facts, you get paid according to forum posting.
There are thousands of online forums on many different topics. This makes it easy to find forums with topics that you know about and are interested in, so you can post better content and charge a higher rate for each post. Even if you don’t know about a topic, how hard can it be to do a quick search online and come up with a few sentence to write about that subject. The good thing about online forums, is that it can be anything. Your post can be a question, an answer, a guide, tip or just your opinion about the subject. It’s really a no-brainer!

How much money with forum posting:
Of course, just like most other things, in the beginning, you will have to charge low rates for your forum postings. But, as you post more and more, you will become known amongst forum owners, and you will have reviews as well, you can start charging more for each post you create. Most people start anywhere from $0.10 to $1 per post, and increase their rates as they go along.

How to find forum posting jobs:
The simplest way to find new forum owners who are likely to pay you for posting on their forums, is using Google. Simply go to Google and search using phrases like “Forum Posters”, “Forum posters needed” and etc.
It will display a whole bunch of results. Register with as many forums as you would like, and contact the forum owner and tell them you are interested in doing forum posting for them. Its as simple as that.


If you want to continue to make money forum posting, and want to increase your rates, it’s important to get a review from each forum owner you work for. You can get a free blogger blog, and make a simple profile for your forum posting service, along with those reviews published on it. Don’t expect to make a lot of money forum posting. Forum posting is just an easy way to make some extra money online. I mean, what can be easier than getting paid to post on forums.

20 Special tips for Freelancer

Whether you’re moonlighting as a writer or it’s your sole source of income, you must take it seriously in all aspects, from workplace organization to work habits to professional development to marketing to client relations. Here’s some advice about succeeding as a professional writer:
1. Establish a professional work environment. Even if you don’t have a dedicated home office, set up your workspace to maximize your comfort and productivity, with equipment, supplies, and reference works well organized and handy. Impress on family and friends the importance of respecting your space and your time. (Working at home is a much more familiar concept than it used to be, but some people still don’t consider freelancing a real job).
2. Research reasonable compensation for your particular market niche or for the media in which you want to be published, and ask for it. If you’re just starting out, negotiate at the low end of the range. When you’ve reached a certain level of success, expect high-end compensation. Don’t waste your time on projects that pay little or nothing unless the topic or the client has some special meaning for you. Accepting meager pay depresses the freelance industry. But be realistic about your monetary worth in a highly competitive business.
3. Educate yourself about marketing, negotiation, and general communication skills to help build confidence when it comes time to submitting queries, discussing compensation, and corresponding during and between projects.
4. Develop the discipline to do the hardest or least pleasant tasks first and save the best for last. You may have a hard time getting started each day, but you’ll be glad you got the difficult work out of the way, and the day will only get better.
5. If you devote a certain amount of time to working each day but you temporarily have too little work to fill it, spend the rest of the time researching your next clients or projects and writing and submitting queries.
6. Treat all your correspondence as if it were an assignment: Write impeccably, with no content or factual errors. Double-check personal names, job titles, and company names before you type them.
7. Keep meticulous records when tracking submissions and responses, scheduling assignment timelines, and updating contact information.
8. Advertise using strategies old and new, from flyers and newspaper ads to online marketing and your own professional Web site. But don’t wait for work to come to you. In addition to researching national or international companies, organizations, and publications you’d like to write for, investigate local opportunities such as community-based nonprofit organizations.

Freelancer

A freelancer is somebody who is self-employed and is not committed to a particular employer long term. These workers are usually represented by a company or agency that assists them in finding contracts or work for short time. Freelancers are "declared" public contractors who specialize in many different fields for different works.

Fields where freelancing is common include; music journalism, publishing, copy writing, web development, video editing, video production etc

Freelance practice varies greatly. Some require clients to sign written contracts, while others may perform work based on verbal agreements, perhaps enforceable through the very nature of the work. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients.

Payment for freelance work also varies greatly. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, or page or on a per-project basis. Instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a value-based pricing method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, or upon completion. For more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes.

5 most useful tips for Freelancer:

1. Find an anchor client. Your first priority is to enter into a relationship with a company that provides you with a steady source of work that provides you with enough income to get by. Everything else is just frosting on the cake, but bake the cake first.

2. Don’t be particular — at first. Certainly, you should search your soul for what kind of content you’d like to work on. But when you’re starting out, accept any assignment that involves writing or editing words — and, even though you should have a pay range in mind, be prepared to accept less compensation than is ideal. You can always ask for a “raise” later, and you can always increase your rate when you are engaged by new clients.

3. Be flexible about your rates. I’ve varied my hourly editing rate by up to $50, depending on the client. Online research will yield extensive information about the market rate for writing and editing in various media, in different industries, and so on. You may very well end up straddling two or more markets, and your pay rate may vary substantially. (Also, if you’re asked what rate you’ll accept, rather than offered one, propose a range with a $5-$10 differential starting at your minimum.)

4. Don’t give up your day job. Not right away, at any rate. Nights, weekends, summer vacations for educators — these are the opportunities to wade into the freelance pool. Even if your steady job is making you mentally unsteady, stick it out until you have an anchor client. The transition period may exhaust you as you try to juggle full-time work, your personal life, and your efforts to start your own business, but you may be able to jettison your job sooner than you think. (Or you can work for a part-time salary and be self-employed, too.)

5. Keep it simple. You don’t need much in the way of infrastructure. You can probably get away without business cards. You don’t need a fancy-looking invoice template. Some self-employed people rent a small office or use an outbuilding as a way of separating their professional life from their personal one, but few of us can afford that luxury. Turning a spare room into an office, or using an existing study, or even setting aside part of a bedroom or a family room, is sufficient for most people. (But make sure others in your household know that when you’re on the clock, you’re off limits.)

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP) to provide billions of users worldwide. Internet is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet can also be defined as a worldwide interconnection of computers and computer networks that facilitate the sharing or exchange of information among users. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.

Make Money Online: How To Make Money Online The Legit Process

You, or anyone, can make money online or earn money online from home, almost right away. There are people and guru’s that write ebook’s promising 101 ways to make money online, but there is one problem. Many of these people ONLY make money selling make money online scams to people.

So, how do you recognize the legitimate ways how to make money by online? Firstly, you must have the right mindset to become a professional, legit and successful internet marketer, as with any successful business. Having the right mindset of not earning money online and becoming a millionaire over night is the first step to beginning, long before finding any online business opportunities to make good money.